Valence types

The valence type explicits the mechanisms used to generate the immunity system response.

• 0-Implicit
• 1 - Antigens
  • 1.1 - Live vaccines
    • 1.1.1 - Live attenuated pathogen vaccines
      • 1.1.1.1 - Live attenuated bacterial vaccines
      • 1.1.1.2 - Live attenuated viral vaccines
    • 1.1.2 - - Live recombinant viral vector vaccines
      • 1.1.2.1 - Replicating viral vector vaccine
      • 1.1.2.2 - Non-replicating viral vector vaccine
  • 1.2 - Non-live vaccines
    • 1.2.1 - Whole inactivated pathogen vaccines
      • 1.2.1.1 - Inactivated whole-cell bacterial vaccines
      • 1.2.1.2 - Inactivated whole-virion viral vaccines
    • 1.2.2 -Split or disrupted pathogen vaccines
      • 1.2.2.1 - Split-virion viral vaccines
      • 1.2.2.2 - Other disrupted pathogen vaccines
    • 1.2.3 - Subunit vaccines
      • 1.2.3.1 - Polysaccharide-based vaccines
        • 1.2.3.1.1 - Unconjugated polysaccharide vaccines
        • 1.2.3.1.2 - Conjugated polysaccharide vaccines
      • 1.2.3.2 - Protein-based vaccines
        • 1.2.3.2.1 - Toxoid vaccines
        • 1.2.3.2.2 - Purified native protein vaccines
        • 1.2.3.2.3 - Recombinant protein vaccines
        • 1.2.3.2.4 - Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines
      • 1.2.3.3 - Membrane vesicle-based vaccines
        • 1.2.3.3.1 - Outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines
    • 1.2.4-Nucleic acid vaccines
      • 1.2.4.1 - DNA Vaccines.
      • 1.2.4.2 - mRNA vaccines
        • 1.2.4.2.1 - Conventional mRNA vaccines
        • 1.2.4.2.2 - Self-amplifying mRNA vaccines
• 2 - Antibodies

0-Implicit

This is a conventional value expressing that the given valence has the same type as its parent valence. It is the default for a newly created valence.

1 - Antigens

A vaccine trains the immune system to produce antibodies for a given disease-causing microorganisms, by exposing it to antibody generators, shortened as ‘antigens’.

1.1 - Live vaccines

1.1.1 - Live attenuated pathogen vaccines

The antigen consists an attenuated version of the full original pathogen.

1.1.1.1 - Live attenuated bacterial vaccines

The infectious agent is a bactery.

1.1.1.2 - Live attenuated viral vaccines

The infectious agent is a virus.

1.1.2 - - Live recombinant viral vector vaccines

A carrier virus (adenovirus, vaccinia, etc.) is engineered so that it cannot cause a disease and carries the DNA for generating a desired proteinic antigen. Once a cell infected by this virus, it will produce the antigen, prompting immune recognition.

1.1.2.1 - Replicating viral vector vaccine

The viral vector kept its ability to replicate, thus reinforcing its propagation.

1.1.2.2 - Non-replicating viral vector vaccine

The ability to replicate of the viral vector has been inhibited.

1.2 - Non-live vaccines

1.2.1 - Whole inactivated pathogen vaccines

This is similar to attenuated pathogen vaccines, but with a pathogen totally inactivated using heat, chemicals or radiation.

1.2.1.1 - Inactivated whole-cell bacterial vaccines

The infectious agent is a bactery.

1.2.1.2 - Inactivated whole-virion viral vaccines

The infectious agent is a virus.

1.2.2 -Split or disrupted pathogen vaccines

This is an alternative for inactivating viruses

1.2.2.1 - Split-virion viral vaccines

The viral envelope is disrupted with a detergent.

1.2.2.2 - Other disrupted pathogen vaccines

For other disruption methods.

1.2.3 - Subunit vaccines

Subunits are very specific parts of an infectious agent that the immune system needs to recognize. They may be proteins or polysaccharides.

1.2.3.1 - Polysaccharide-based vaccines

Polysaccharides are long chains of carbohydrates, such as starch or glycogen.

Pathogenic bacteria commonly produce a bacterial capsule, a thick, mucus-like layer of polysaccharide. The capsule cloaks antigenic proteins on the bacterial surface that would otherwise provoke an immune response and thereby lead to the destruction of the bacteria.

Polysaccharides are far less effective than proteins in provoking the immune system. To help in their identification, they can be conjugated (bound) to a recognizable antigen protein, making their antigenic impact much more effective.

1.2.3.1.1 - Unconjugated polysaccharide vaccines

There is no protein conjugated to reinforce the training effect.

1.2.3.1.2 - Conjugated polysaccharide vaccines

An antigenic protein is conjugated with the polysaccharide. Although it is mentioned in the valence description, the immunization effect regards the polysaccharide, not the conjugated toxoid.

1.2.3.2 - Protein-based vaccines

The targeted proteins can either be the toxins generated by a bacteria or specific surface proteins of the infectious agent.

1.2.3.2.1 - Toxoid vaccines

Toxoids, also named anatoxins, are inactivated replicas of the proteinic toxins generated by a bacteria.

1.2.3.2.2 - Purified native protein vaccines

The surface protein is extracted from the infectious agent.

1.2.3.2.3 - Recombinant protein vaccines

The surface protein is cultivated from modified genetic material.

1.2.3.2.4 - Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines

The antigen is a non-infectious, empty shell that mimic the structure of a real virus. It contains the protein antigen but no genetic material.

1.2.3.3 - Membrane vesicle-based vaccines

Some bacteria release from their outer membrane vesicles that are also recognized by the immunity system.

1.2.3.3.1 - Outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines

Uses such vesicles as antigen.

1.2.4-Nucleic acid vaccines

Nucleic acids contains the instruction for the cells to product proteins.

1.2.4.1 - DNA Vaccines.

A DNA fragment, when presented to a cell, will cause it to generate messenger RNA, then translated into the antigen protein.

1.2.4.2 - mRNA vaccines

The messenger RNA is submitted directly to the cells for transcription.

1.2.4.2.1 - Conventional mRNA vaccines

The result of RNA transcription is only the expected antigen.

1.2.4.2.2 - Self-amplifying mRNA vaccines

The result of mRNA transcription also include replicas of the messenger RNA, allowing it to propagate.

2 - Antibodies

Temporary immunity to a specific infection can be induced in a subject by providing the subject with externally produced immune molecules, known as antibodies or immunoglobulins.